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medicine can only help those in need if

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medicine can only help those in need if
 

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medicine can only help those in need if
it can reach them on earth or in space

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it can reach them on earth or in space
 

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it can reach them on earth or in space
NASA's telemedicine space bridge lets us

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NASA's telemedicine space bridge lets us
 

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NASA's telemedicine space bridge lets us
doctors consult with Russian clinicians

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doctors consult with Russian clinicians
 

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doctors consult with Russian clinicians
thousands of miles away to demonstrate

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thousands of miles away to demonstrate
 

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thousands of miles away to demonstrate
the feasibility of live two-way full

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the feasibility of live two-way full
 

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the feasibility of live two-way full
bandwidth video as a medical tool the

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bandwidth video as a medical tool the
 

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bandwidth video as a medical tool the
space bridge relies on the engineering

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space bridge relies on the engineering
 

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space bridge relies on the engineering
skills of one of the country's leading

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skills of one of the country's leading
 

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skills of one of the country's leading
communications facilities NASA Lewis

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communications facilities NASA Lewis
 

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communications facilities NASA Lewis
Research Center in Cleveland Ohio NASA

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Research Center in Cleveland Ohio NASA
 

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Research Center in Cleveland Ohio NASA
Lewis was asked to function as the

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Lewis was asked to function as the
 

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Lewis was asked to function as the
Gateway to the telemedicine space bridge

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Gateway to the telemedicine space bridge
 

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Gateway to the telemedicine space bridge
project due to its past history in

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project due to its past history in
 

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project due to its past history in
satellite communications through the

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satellite communications through the
 

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satellite communications through the
successes of the 80s and a CTS flight

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successes of the 80s and a CTS flight
 

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successes of the 80s and a CTS flight
projects Lewis demonstrated itself as a

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projects Lewis demonstrated itself as a
 

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projects Lewis demonstrated itself as a
leading pioneer in satellite

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leading pioneer in satellite
 

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leading pioneer in satellite
communications nasa and the Joint

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communications nasa and the Joint
 

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communications nasa and the Joint
Working Group on space biology and

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Working Group on space biology and
 

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Working Group on space biology and
medicine which established the protocol

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medicine which established the protocol
 

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medicine which established the protocol
that led to the current project saw this

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that led to the current project saw this
 

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that led to the current project saw this
as an opportunity to use Lewis's

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as an opportunity to use Lewis's
 

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as an opportunity to use Lewis's
expertise and satellite communications

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expertise and satellite communications
 

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expertise and satellite communications
to get the space bridge up and running

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NASA's interest in telemedicine dates to

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NASA's interest in telemedicine dates to
 

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NASA's interest in telemedicine dates to
the early days of the space program

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the early days of the space program
 

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the early days of the space program
while the focus of NASA's pioneering

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while the focus of NASA's pioneering
 

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while the focus of NASA's pioneering
work was the help of its astronauts

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work was the help of its astronauts
 

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work was the help of its astronauts
Talon medicine also became a means of

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Talon medicine also became a means of
 

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Talon medicine also became a means of
delivering medical care and education

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delivering medical care and education
 

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delivering medical care and education
too remote to rest real areas as well

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too remote to rest real areas as well
 

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too remote to rest real areas as well
NASA's current space bridge project will

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NASA's current space bridge project will
 

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NASA's current space bridge project will
help standardize in-flight medical

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help standardize in-flight medical
 

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help standardize in-flight medical
procedures and demonstrate the use of

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procedures and demonstrate the use of
 

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procedures and demonstrate the use of
satellites for long distance medical

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satellites for long distance medical
 

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satellites for long distance medical
care because of the distances between

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care because of the distances between
 

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care because of the distances between
the participating sites are so great two

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the participating sites are so great two
 

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the participating sites are so great two
satellites are used to provide coverage

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satellites are used to provide coverage
 

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satellites are used to provide coverage
to all sites the two satellites are

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to all sites the two satellites are
 

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to all sites the two satellites are
linked together here at Lewis using two

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linked together here at Lewis using two
 

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linked together here at Lewis using two
satellite ground stations which are

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satellite ground stations which are
 

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satellite ground stations which are
connected back to back we call these two

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connected back to back we call these two
 

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connected back to back we call these two
stations the gateway station in Moscow

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stations the gateway station in Moscow
 

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stations the gateway station in Moscow
to Cleveland link uses the Russian wsd

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to Cleveland link uses the Russian wsd
 

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to Cleveland link uses the Russian wsd
RN satellite also known as

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RN satellite also known as
 

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RN satellite also known as
and for distribution here at within the

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and for distribution here at within the
 

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and for distribution here at within the
u.s. we use GT e--'s g-star to satellite

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u.s. we use GT e--'s g-star to satellite
 

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u.s. we use GT e--'s g-star to satellite
all satellite links are scrambled to

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all satellite links are scrambled to
 

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all satellite links are scrambled to
protect patient confidentiality at Lewis

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protect patient confidentiality at Lewis
 

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protect patient confidentiality at Lewis
information is relayed between the two

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information is relayed between the two
 

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information is relayed between the two
earth stations via fiber-optic cable in

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earth stations via fiber-optic cable in
 

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earth stations via fiber-optic cable in
Moscow the satellite signal is relayed

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Moscow the satellite signal is relayed
 

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Moscow the satellite signal is relayed
to Moscow Hospital language translation

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to Moscow Hospital language translation
 

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to Moscow Hospital language translation
for both us and Russian doctors is done

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for both us and Russian doctors is done
 

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for both us and Russian doctors is done
on-site in Moscow inaugurated in

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on-site in Moscow inaugurated in
 

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on-site in Moscow inaugurated in
December 1993 by the US Senate and

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December 1993 by the US Senate and
 

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December 1993 by the US Senate and
Moscow officials the space bridge

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Moscow officials the space bridge
 

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Moscow officials the space bridge
project had its origin in the Armenian

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project had its origin in the Armenian
 

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project had its origin in the Armenian
and Aoife disasters of the late 80s the

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and Aoife disasters of the late 80s the
 

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and Aoife disasters of the late 80s the
earthquake into bleezy Armenia leveled

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earthquake into bleezy Armenia leveled
 

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earthquake into bleezy Armenia leveled
several mountain villages killing and

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several mountain villages killing and
 

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several mountain villages killing and
injuring thousands while causing

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injuring thousands while causing
 

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injuring thousands while causing
millions of dollars in damages the

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millions of dollars in damages the
 

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millions of dollars in damages the
Armenian medical community was strained

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Armenian medical community was strained
 

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Armenian medical community was strained
to its limits a gas explosion and

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to its limits a gas explosion and
 

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to its limits a gas explosion and
railroad accident in fo only a few

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railroad accident in fo only a few
 

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railroad accident in fo only a few
months later also overburdened local

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months later also overburdened local
 

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months later also overburdened local
medical facilities international aid in

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medical facilities international aid in
 

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medical facilities international aid in
ova anta bleezy was highlighted by a

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ova anta bleezy was highlighted by a
 

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ova anta bleezy was highlighted by a
one-way video link with us doctors who

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one-way video link with us doctors who
 

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one-way video link with us doctors who
modified dozens of on-site diagnosis the

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modified dozens of on-site diagnosis the
 

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modified dozens of on-site diagnosis the
remarkable success of those projects led

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remarkable success of those projects led
 

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remarkable success of those projects led
the way for the current space bridge

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the way for the current space bridge
 

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the way for the current space bridge
with a total of twenty-two sessions from

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with a total of twenty-two sessions from
 

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with a total of twenty-two sessions from
the fall of nineteen ninety three

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the fall of nineteen ninety three
 

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the fall of nineteen ninety three
through the summer of nineteen

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through the summer of nineteen
 

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through the summer of nineteen
ninety-four the space bridge explored of

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ninety-four the space bridge explored of
 

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ninety-four the space bridge explored of
broad range of sub specialties including

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broad range of sub specialties including
 

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broad range of sub specialties including
space medicine and decompression

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space medicine and decompression
 

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space medicine and decompression
sickness

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through the engineering expertise of

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through the engineering expertise of
 

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through the engineering expertise of
NASA Lewis Research Center the value of

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NASA Lewis Research Center the value of
 

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NASA Lewis Research Center the value of
satellite technology as a long distance

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satellite technology as a long distance
 

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satellite technology as a long distance
medical and educational tool is being

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medical and educational tool is being
 

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medical and educational tool is being
proven because of that future medical

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proven because of that future medical
 

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proven because of that future medical
care will reach remote areas experts

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care will reach remote areas experts
 

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care will reach remote areas experts
will be able to consult with few

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will be able to consult with few
 

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will be able to consult with few
limitations because of that tomorrow's

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limitations because of that tomorrow's
 

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limitations because of that tomorrow's
astronauts will be better cared for

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astronauts will be better cared for
 

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astronauts will be better cared for
because of that tomorrow's people will

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because of that tomorrow's people will
 

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because of that tomorrow's people will
be better cared for